12/24/2023 0 Comments Vagrant definition![]() Foreigners who had been twice expatriated with prohibition of return to the Russian Empire and were arrested in Russia again were also recognized as vagrants. Russian law recognized one as a vagrant if they could not prove their own standing (title), or if they changed residence without a permission from authorities, rather than punishing loitering or absence of livelihood. In the Russian Empire, the legal term "vagrancy" (Russian: бродяжничество, brodyazhnichestvo) was defined in a different way than in Western Europe ( vagabondage in France, Landstreicherei in Germany). In the Weimar Republic, the law against vagrancy was relaxed, but it became much more stringent in Nazi Germany, where vagrancy, together with begging, prostitution, and "work-shyness" ( arbeitsscheu), was classified " asocial behavior" as punishable by confinement to concentration camps. ![]() In Germany, according to the 1871 Penal Code (§ 361 des Strafgesetzbuches von 1871), vagabondage was among the grounds to confine a person to a labor house. Sweden still has laws requiring vagrants to get employment, even employments without pay, or they'll have all of their belongings removed and be forced to live on the street. Forced labor sentences were abolished in 1971 and anti-vagrancy laws were repealed in 1987. In 1936, a new law moved the emphasis from criminalization into social assistance. In Finland, the legal protection provision was repealed in 1883 however, vagrancy still remained illegal, if connected with "immoral" or "indecent" behavior. Legal protection was mandatory already in medieval Swedish law, but Gustav I of Sweden began strictly enforcing this provision, applying it even when work was potentially available. There was a "legal protection" (Finnish: laillinen suojelu) obligation: those not part of the estates of the realm (nobility, clergy, burghers or land-owners) were obliged to be employed, or otherwise, they could be charged with vagrancy. In premodern Finland and Sweden, vagrancy was a crime, which could result in a sentence of forced labour or forced military service. ![]() Their role eventually transferred to the police.Ī woodcut from c.1536 depicting a vagrant being punished in the streets in Tudor England In medieval times, vagabonds were controlled by an official called the Stodderkonge who was responsible for a town or district and expelled those without a permit. At that time, 260 vagabonds still lived in the Wortel colony. On 12 January 1993, the Belgian vagrancy law was repealed. If the prisoners had earned enough money, then they could leave the "colony" (as it was called). There, the prisoners had to work for their living by working on the land or in the prison workhouse. Vagabonds, beggars and procurers were imprisoned in vagrancy prisons: Hoogstraten Merksplas and Wortel ( Flanders). Examples include sadhus, dervishes, bhikkhus, and the sramanic traditions generally.įrom 27 November 1891, a vagabond could be jailed. In some East Asian and South Asian countries, the condition of vagrancy has long been historically associated with the religious life, as described in the religious literature of Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Muslim Sufi traditions. Many still exist in places like Europe, Africa, and the Near East, as preserved by Gnosticism, Hesychasm, and various esoteric practices. Vagrant lifestyles are seen in Christian movements, such as in the mendicant orders. The Catholic Church also teaches compassion for people living in vagrancy. In Christianity, Jesus is shown in the Bible as having compassion for beggars, prostitutes, and the disenfranchised. Many world religions, both in history and today, have vagrant traditions or make reference to vagrants. In Tudor England, some of those who begged door-to-door for "milk, yeast, drink, pottage" were thought to be witches. Some fairy tales of medieval Europe have beggars cast curses on anyone who was insulting or stingy toward them. Gyrovagues were itinerant monks of the upper Middle-Age. Others show them as subversives, or outlaws, who make a parasitical living through theft, fear and threat. Some ancient sources show vagrants as passive objects of pity, who deserve generosity and the gift of alms. Vagrants have been historically characterised as outsiders in settled, ordered communities: embodiments of otherness, objects of scorn or mistrust, or worthy recipients of help and charity.
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